information in cartography symbols
i am adorable for theories and concepts apropos symbols acclimated in cartography.
i accept questions like:many maps present advice about abundance by ascent a audible symbol. acutely this can become a botheration back one has to amalgamate altered symbols which are in abutting neighborhood. wouldn’t it be bigger to accumulate the admeasurement of an attribute connected but adapt instead it’s “decoration” (that is, one could accept a simple box, a box with one star, a box with two stars…) ?
cheers from berlin,jan
— jan (email)
Names of towns on maps are sometimes scaled, as bigger towns accept beyond blazon for their name. That seems altogether reasonable, although it is not consistently ablaze if the ascent capricious is breadth or population.
One can, as you suggest, accomplish a fixed-size attribute added abutting to announce an access in abundance (a actual Bertin-like idea), aloof like application a blush acclivity to arresting changes in quantity. The capital affair is affluence of reading; too abounding encodings and the map’s fable may accept added absorption than the map.
— Edward Tufte
Cartography is a baby absorption of mine, so I achievement the abrupt examples actuality will be of interest. All eight maps reproduced actuality represent the aforementioned breadth on the page: about 3mm by 3mm. The aboriginal bristles are to the aforementioned scale: a kilometre is the ambit amid the dejected verticals on the fifth and final one of the series. The added three are additionally to the aforementioned scale: 1: 4.5 actor on the printed page, although beyond in reproduction here.
The aboriginal alternation of bristles are all of the baby apple of Kingston-near-Lewes, East Sussex, UK, which is two afar south west of my home boondocks of Lewes. The aboriginal map is from John Ogilby’s “Britannia” of 1675, which is a a accumulating of 100 alley maps in band anatomy accoutrement the accomplished of England and Wales.
It has the acumen of actuality the aboriginal album to use one inch to the mile as the calibration throughout. The cardinal “51” by the alley at Swanbarough marks the battleground from London. Agenda the spelling of Swanbarough (Swanborough in the four after maps). This reminds us that borough/burgh comes from a chat for mound, and the appellation “barrow” is acclimated abnormally in the South of England to beggarly a burying mound. On after maps we will see these on the acropolis to the larboard apparent as “tumuli”. The dots in the alley mark the furlongs (eighths of a mile). The album is for travellers and gives all that the traveller would need: on the Newhaven alley out of Lewes there is a appropriate about-face to Kingston: if you ability battleground 51, you’ve gone accomplished it.
The additional map is from the Ordnance Survey (OS) One-inch Aboriginal Alternation which ran for about the accomplished of the 19th century.
From the railways apparent abroad this accurate map was issued ancient amid 1847 and 1858. They were printed from chestnut engravings which acquiesce decidedly accomplished curve to be drawn, as in the hachuring to actualization the gradients. The apple name has (temporarily) acquired an “e”. Swanborough is not marked, but the alone barrio are. In the apple itself, the abbey is apparent with a cross, with vertical hachuring possibly anecdotic the surrounding graveyard. The colouring on the alley is not allotment of the map: it is the crayoned trace of a adventure taken in 1875 by a Samuel Nixon.
The third map is from the third alternation of the OS One-inch, the hachuring of the gradients has not yet been abandoned, but contours accept been introduced.
For me, this is the finest series. It still retains, close-to and at a distance, the actualization of a mural beheld from the air but with all-important cartographic detail. Alone barrio are still shown. Hand-engraved book is acclimated in altered sizes and styles to differentiate amid feature. This map includes “Minor corrections to May1912”.
The fourth map is the aftermost OS One-inch alternation and dates from 1969.
The One-inch alternation was after photographed, enlarged, and reissued at a calibration of 1 : 50,000 (2.5cm to the kilometre) as a new “First Series”. As the maps are redrawn by computer they are resissued as a “Second Series”. The hachuring has gone to be replaced by added common curve lines. Alone barrio are no best apparent except back isolated. This is a accident at accomplished detail, but in the antecedent alternation as architecture proliferated the maps gave the actualization of accepting been broadcast with soot. A decidedly adorable affection of this alternation is the chrism cardboard on which it is printed: all consecutive alternation accept been on ablaze white.
The fifth and final map in this alternative is the accepted adaptation (2002).
These can best calmly be acclaimed from the photo-reproduced 1 : 50,000 Aboriginal Alternation by the heights actuality apparent in metres and not feet, but afterpiece assay shows abounding differences — not all of them improvements. The book is beneath attractive, and the greater body of curve curve leads to an approximate abandonment of them back they appear too abutting together. The use of a deciduous-tree attribute on the backcountry is abnormally absurd back the bend of copse is too attenuated for it to be apparent complete.
The added alternation of three maps that chase are all taken from the Macmillan Apple Album appear in 1996 at US$60. As an atlas, the affection of the maps varies anon with what is actuality portrayed and the three samples actuality allegorize the deficiencies of any cartographic exercise that presents the apple at absolutely the aforementioned calibration throughout.
The aboriginal map illustrates the album at its best.
Bearing in apperception that this is absolutely the aforementioned breadth on the folio as the maps of Kingston, the akin of detail is comparable. Indeed, for genitalia of the apple like the Kamchatka Peninsula and Arctic Korea, this album gives maps at a abate (more detailed) calibration than added atlases which abate the calibration for places of little absorption to Europeans and Americans. This is not a bad idea: I am old abundant to bethink British apple atlases that adherent 30% to the United Kingdom, 50% to the Empire, 15% to the countries in Europe that we had abnormally besmirched over 500 years of history — and 5% to the actual ragbag of principalities and ex-colonies like Monaco and the United States.
But same-scale atlases accept their disadvantages.
This is an breadth I apperceive able-bodied accepting formed there. The longer, beyond towns are abbreviated, and the burghal names accept chicken backgrounds that abstruse the detail completely. This is the cartographic agnate of the Powerpoint effect: no cartographer alive by duke would acrylic out an breadth of one or added dozen aboveboard kilometres in adjustment to accept a accomplishments adjoin which the name could be read. He or she would acquisition some added solution. But with a computer all you do is set a book and a accomplishments and bite a button. The LONDON characterization on the aforementioned map covers over a hundred aboveboard kilometres of the densely busy M3 corridor: if we had absent the Crimean war and it had been renamed NEW SEVERODVINSK it would ability the Bristol Channel.
The aftermost map is the reverse:
a allotment of acreage of the aforementioned breadth in the Sudan. Any textural detail on this map is an achievement of printing.
At the end of this continued announcement I anticipate there are two acquaint to be learned: computerisation separates a basal affiliation amid cartographer and the printed page; and the cartographic detail depends on what the map is advised to show. Detail that works at one calibration or in one breadth will not necessarily assignment in others.
— Martin Ternouth (email)
Thank you, Martin. What a able and admirable contribution! Thanks for the time able-bodied spent.
-Kent .
— Kent Karnofski (email)
I allotment Kent’s acknowledgment for a anxious and well-presented essay. There is one point to be fabricated in favor of the same-scale album and that is that Western Germany is, in fact, abundant added chaotic with altar of cartographic absorption than the Sahara. If one were depicting aloof one of those regions, altered scales and cartographic conventions are, as you point out, absolutely essential. However the aftermost two examples are absolutely advisory in comparison.
Of course, cartographic absorption is a amount not to be taken for granted. To a mapmaker with affectionate ability of the Sahara and no absorption in what goes on amid Köln and Aachen, a actual altered allegory would emerge.
— John Morse (email)
Several web-based athenaeum abide that acquiesce a archival abstraction of United States Geologic Survey topographic cloister maps. For example, a actual nice University of New Hampshire armpit http://docs.unh.edu/nhtopos/nhtopos.htm has archived USGS maps accoutrement New England and New York from the 1890s to the 1950s. Aloof as in the UK’s Ordinance Survey explored by Mr. Ternouth, there accept been accessible changes in the USGS’s typography and symbology, but best of the basics and bolts accept remained somewhat constant. It is absorbing to agenda that the OS and the USGS assume to accept followed rather alongside paths in the accepted actualization of their corresponding map sections. A notable barring is the 2002 OS archetype accustomed above- to the best of my knowledge, the USGS continues to administer the aforementioned palette it has acclimated back the 1950s.
Specifically apropos Mr. Ternouth’s 2002 Ordinance Survey archetype and advancement that “computerisation separates a basal affiliation amid cartographer and the printed page”, I advance that the “vital connection” charge not be, and is not, absent by avant-garde cartographers (professional and abecedarian alike) back they accept both the graphical limitations of today’s cartographic software bales AND the basal qualities that go into any acceptable map (line weights, palettes, typography, etc.). It is not, in fact, aberrant to advance a abject map in a GIS amalgamation and again consign the angel to a aerial akin cartoon amalgamation to do angel processing and add aesthetic elements.
However, the “vital connection” IS all too generally absent back the map maker artlessly uses their software’s force-fed layouts, templates, and colors, and basically adopts what I’ll cartel to alarm a “Cognitive Style of Computerized Maps”.
— Mark B. Kasinskas (email)
I accept never apparent a acknowledged indicator to actualization the atrophy amid a topographical map and the (moving) alluring north. The best acknowledged I accept apparent accept been area the indicator is lined up with the gridlines. I would be absorbed in seeing one that: a) indicates whether it is East or West of the accurate and filigree arctic b) indicates graphically whether it is gaining/losing bend and by how much/year. I am additionally analytical for any able way to advise this atrophy and the abstraction of the 3 norths (True, Filigree and Magnetic). I accept approved abounding times to advise this with bound success.
— Bill Paton (email)
An accomplished topic; absolutely our Kindly Contributors can help.
— Edward Tufte
Declination Diagram Improvements
Unfortunately I can’t column my diagram but adorable at the old one and account my improvements should help
I accept appear up with what is to me a abundant bigger atrophy diagram on maps that would advice with the boilerplate map-user to accept and administer atrophy to his map/compass.
The improvements are:
a) E (East) or W (West) listed directly.
b) The Alluring Arctic arrow in red, so it is accessible it is for the compass.
c) Annual Access with an arrow administration advertence it anon (and removing it from the explanation)
d) The accurate arctic arrow as a dotted line. This is done because it is beneath important than the Filigree Arctic in the ambience of the map itself.
I accept this arrangement will accomplish the atrophy diagram abundant added “user friendly” in the field.
OLD DECLINATION DIAGRAM http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag/field/images/fig19.gif
IN CONTEXT http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag/field/magdec_e.php
— Bill Paton (email)
Londons Kerning
A map of London, application alone the names of places as cartographic symbols.
http://www.blanka.co.uk/Design/NB_Studio/Londons_Kerning
For example, a arch is the name of the arch beyond some white space, back you don’t generally charge to name the river. On the beyond image, you can see the meandering advance of the Thames, and the abortive white amplitude of parks, estates, and cemeteries. On the abate image, you can absolutely see the names.
— Jason Catena (email)
World War 22 Powerpoint Template. Encouraged to help my own blog, within this occasion I’m going to show you regarding World War 22 Powerpoint Template.
Why don’t you consider impression earlier mentioned? can be that amazing???. if you feel therefore, I’l l show you many impression again underneath:
So, if you’d like to receive the amazing pics related to World War 22 Powerpoint Template, press save button to download these pictures to your pc. They are prepared for save, if you’d rather and wish to take it, click save symbol on the article, and it will be immediately down loaded to your pc.} Finally if you’d like to find unique and latest picture related to World War 22 Powerpoint Template, please follow us on google plus or book mark this blog, we attempt our best to present you daily update with all new and fresh images. Hope you love staying right here. For most updates and latest information about World War 22 Powerpoint Template pics, please kindly follow us on twitter, path, Instagram and google plus, or you mark this page on book mark area, We try to offer you up grade periodically with fresh and new pictures, enjoy your searching, and find the best for you.
Here you are at our website, contentabove World War 22 Powerpoint Template published . Today we are delighted to announce that we have found an extremelyinteresting nicheto be reviewed, namely World War 22 Powerpoint Template Many individuals trying to find information aboutWorld War 22 Powerpoint Template and of course one of them is you, is not it?
