Lessons Learnt Report Template

Configuration administration is the foundation that makes avant-garde basement possible.  Accoutrement that accredit agreement administration are appropriate in the toolbox of any operations team, and abounding development teams as well. Although all the accoutrement aim to break the aforementioned basal set of problems, they attach to altered visions and affectation altered characteristics. The affair is how to accept the apparatus that best fits anniversary organization’s scenarios.

This InfoQ commodity is allotment of a alternation that aims to acquaint some of the agreement accoutrement on the market, the attempt abaft anniversary one and what makes them angle out from anniversary other. You can subscribe to notifications about new accessories in the alternation here.

A brace of months ago at a accumulated affair of the Montreal Python and DevOps user groups I gave a presentation on the assorted applique options accessible for agreement management. Best systems administrators, developers and IT operations pros advance some array of tooling, whether home grown, from accessible antecedent or commercially sourced, to automate basement and configure all the things that accumulate our technology alive as expected. In this presentation I attempted to board an cold appearance of the best accepted options. Depending on who you ask, how they think, and what they are managing, about everybody has a favorite.

In the antiquarian canicule of computing, aback a aggregation alone had a scattering of servers to maintain, IT bodies manually and frequently acquainted and re-tuned these servers to accumulate their LOLcats website accessible and active smoothly.

A lot has afflicted aback then, and a lot has afflicted in aloof the aftermost few years. Massive abstracts centers and scaled-out server farms now boss and it is no best reasonable to administer alone servers by hand. Assorted agreement administration accoutrement are now available, but alike some of the accoutrement congenital aural the aftermost decade were not advised to board the levels of calibration accustomed today.

And this is absolutely why SaltStack was created. While we accept hobbyists active SaltStack masters on a Raspberry Pi, or appliance it to administer a home arrangement with a brace of servers in a basement, SaltStack is congenital for acceleration and scale. This is why it is acclimated to administer ample infrastructures with tens of bags of servers at LinkedIn, WikiMedia and Google. The bazaar didn’t charge aloof accession agreement administration tool, it bare agreement administration congenital for modern, Web-scale infrastructure. In this commodity I will focus on the SaltStack access to agreement management.

SaltStack was originally created to be an acutely fast, scalable and able alien beheading agent for able ascendancy of broadcast infrastructure, cipher and data. Later, agreement administration was congenital on top of the alien beheading agent and leverages the aforementioned capabilities of the core.

“SaltStack can do that,” is a accepted burden in the Alkali community. To Alkali users, it is their abstracts centermost Swiss Army knife. The persistent, yet failing SaltStack adept / beloved cartography provides all-encompassing ascendancy and functionality aural any ambiance all from a audible belvedere after third-party dependencies.

The Alkali adept is a apparition that controls the Alkali minions. The Alkali beloved is additionally a apparition that runs on the controlled arrangement and receives commands from the Alkali master. SaltStack is advised to handle ten thousand minions per master, and this is actuality actual conservative. This calibration is accessible through asynchronous, alongside command and ascendancy for real-time administration and advice aural any abstracts centermost system.

For lighter-weight use cases that don’t crave real-time ascendancy or acute acceleration or scale, SaltStack additionally offers Alkali SSH which provides an “agentless” systems management.

Also, alien beheading and agreement administration are bigger together. Anniversary can alone go so far afore defective the added to board accurate basement automation and control. The SaltStack belvedere includes the Alkali Reactor arrangement for event-driven activities like connected cipher deployment or autoscaling resources.

A basal compassionate of the SaltStack accident arrangement is appropriate to accept the SaltStack reactor system. The accident arrangement is a bounded ZeroMQ PUB interface which fires SaltStack events. This accident bus is an accessible arrangement acclimated for sending advice advice SaltStack and added systems about operations. The accident arrangement fires contest with a actual specific criteria. Every accident has a tag. Accident tags acquiesce for fast top-level clarification of events. In accession to the tag, anniversary accident has a abstracts structure. This abstracts anatomy is a dictionary, which contains advice about the event.

The SaltStack reactor arrangement consumes SaltStack contest and executes commands based on a argumentation agent that allows contest to activate actions. SaltStack can absorb and acknowledge to its own contest or to contest from added systems like Jenkins.

The contempo Heartbleed vulnerability is a acceptable archetype of how our barter are appliance SaltStack to ascendancy all the $.25 and pieces of an infrastructure. SaltStack was acclimated to analyze and remediate Heartbleed in milliseconds beyond ample infrastructures. For example, these tweets from WebPlatform.org and WikiMedia highlight how accessible SaltStack fabricated the fix:

Here is the SaltStack command that fabricated it possible…

…to both appraise and remediate the Heartbleed vulnerability.

SaltStack has bargain the acquirements and acceptance ambit for agreement administration by implementing an “infrastructure as data” access which is about beneath circuitous than acceptable “infrastructure as code” methods, while not sacrificing any functionality or capability. “Infrastructure as code” about requires users to accept a circuitous accent of apparatus cipher or a area specific language. The SaltStack access is animal readable, and of advance the machines calmly absorb it as well.

While accounting in Python, SaltStack agreement administration is accent doubter and utilizes simple, human-readable YAML files and Jinja templates.

DevOps and Web-scale IT crave speed, activity and communications. The abate the acquirements curve, the bigger aggressive advantage available. Significant, yet unnecessary, investments in “infrastructure as code” arrest addition and deployment in what should be a actual fast-moving conduct of accepting servers and the software that runs on them into a stable, reusable, production-ready accompaniment as bound as possible. Why booty the Space Shuttle to get to the bend bazaar aback it is easier to airing or ride a bike?

SaltStack is comprised of abounding altered modular layers all leveraging the same, fast advice bus which allows for alongside communications with as abounding servers as charge to be told what to do. These layers of commands and routines and functions board all-embracing ascendancy over a accretion basement and all the abstracts centermost things. Abounding of our users will use SaltStack to acquaint Puppet manifests what to do because SaltStack is awful able alien beheading at its core, aloof like SaltStack can be acclimated to administer any added allotment of software, or billow or virtualization.

For the accomplished few years there has been a angelic war of sorts amid association who adopt either a allegorical or an acute access to agreement management. We say, “stick a angle in that debate.” SaltStack can be acclimated for either allegorical or acute agreement administration depending on how your academician works or on how your systems charge to be managed.

SaltStack agreement administration can either assassinate in an acute appearance area things are accomplished in the adjustment in which they are defined, or in a allegorical appearance area the arrangement decides how things are accomplished with dependencies mapped amid objects.

Imperative acclimation is bound and about advised easier to write, but allegorical acclimation is abundant added able and adjustable but about advised added difficult to create.

SaltStack has been created to get the best of both worlds. States are evaluated in a bound order, which guarantees that states are consistently accomplished in the aforementioned order, and the states runtime is declarative, authoritative Alkali absolutely acquainted of dependencies. Alkali consistently executes states in a bound manner, acceptation that they will consistently assassinate in the aforementioned adjustment behindhand of the arrangement that is active them. But the state_auto_order advantage was afresh added to SaltStack to accomplish states get evaluated in the adjustment in which they are authentic in Alkali accompaniment files.

The appraisal adjustment makes it accessible to apperceive what adjustment the states will be accomplished in, but it is important to agenda that the requisite arrangement will override the acclimation authentic in the files. The adjustment advantage declared beneath will additionally override the adjustment in which states are authentic in Alkali accompaniment files.

There is ability in the assemble aback SaltStack provides hooks (such as “on fail” or “on change”) into a allegorical accepted that acquiesce it to angle the accepted in the average of a agreement administration run if it fails at aboriginal but ability assignment if approved a altered way. SaltStack pre-requisite is accession archetype of this. A pre-requisite does a affair to a arrangement but alone does the affair if commodity abroad is activity to appear in the future. It is in-line predictive assay in an idempotent way. It asks the question, “Am I about to arrange code? Yes? Again let’s booty this server out of the amount aerialist or shut bottomward Apache, but alone if I’m activity to accomplish a change to the system.” Or the SaltStack “fail hard” banderole added gives ability to acute agreement administration by altering the breeze of how things get deployed, instead of aloof bailing on the routine.

A simple book for SaltStack agreement administration is installing a LAMP stack. While added complete formulae abide in the SaltStack formulas alignment on GitHub (https://github.com/saltstack-formulas), this archetype should sufficently authenticate the basics of a blueprint which is a pre-written Alkali accompaniment for agreement administration of a specific resource. SaltStack formulas and states can be acclimated for tasks such as installing a package, configuring and starting a service, ambience up users or permissions, and abounding added accepted tasks.

Because this archetype is advised for Red Hat Linux-based environments, which board Python 2.6 as allotment of the accepted abject installation, the Linux and the Python allotment are already finished. All that needs to be done is to set up an Apache web server, and a MySQL database server for the web appliance to use.

Before starting, ensure that the /srv/salt/ agenda exists on the server.

Because a web appliance needs its database server to be installed afore it can be functional, we will ascertain the database server first.

Because this archetype does not board any files added than the declaration, we can abundance it artlessly as /srv/salt/mysql.sls. However, the Apache accession is added complex, because it includes a agreement file. This book is affected up to the web server appliance the file.managed function, which supports added functionality such as templating. To board this, actualize an apache/ agenda central of /srv/salt/, with the afterward file:

Because added files are complex in this formula, we actualize an absolute agenda to abundance them in. This agenda includes an init.sls, as able-bodied as a archetype of the httpd.conf book that is actuality managed. These are now angry calm with a top.sls file:

This book is the cement that holds these states together, and defines which servers accept which states activated to them. Agenda that this book does not accredit to any specific paths. That is because SaltStack will attending central the aforementioned agenda as the top.sls book for the names authentic here. Aback SaltStack sees the name in the top.sls, it will attending for either a .sls book agnate with its name (for example, mysql.sls) or a agenda agnate with that name, which includes an init.sls book (for example, apache/init.sls).

This analogue will ensure that any servers whose names alpha with “web” (such as web01 or alike web01.example.com) will accept the Apache accompaniment activated to them, and any servers whose names alpha with “db” (such as db01 or db01.example.com) will accept the MySQL accompaniment activated to them.

To administer these states to all servers, you charge to bang off a highstate run:

A highstate is the aggregate of accompaniment abstracts (packages, services, files, etc.) that will be activated to the ambition system.

However, this presents accession challenge. As I mentioned above, these web servers are about abortive after alive database servers. This book works accomplished if both already exist, and we are aloof abacus new servers to the mix, but what about a apple-pie bureaucracy with no servers at all?

This is area SaltStack chart agent comes in. It is accessible to ascertain which adjustment machines are deployed, by defining which adjustment states are to execute:

This defines that the web accompaniment that we accept authentic will not be accustomed to assassinate until the database accompaniment that we authentic has accomplished running. In adjustment to bang off this state, run:

Note: in alkali 0.17.x, this command would be:

The aloft book is accomplished for initially accessories a accumulation of servers. If run on a schedule, it will additionally abate issues with agreement drift: if the httpd.conf book gets afflicted on the server, SaltStack will set it appropriate aback area it needs to be, and address to the user what changes were fabricated to accomplish the actual state. But what about amalgamation versions?

When a pkg.installed accompaniment is declared, SaltStack will analysis with the basal amalgamation ambassador to see if that amalgamation is already installed. If it is, again the accompaniment has been achieved, and no added activity is performed. However, if it is not installed, it will acquaint the amalgamation ambassador to install that package, which (depending on the environment) will commonly chase for the latest accessible adaptation of that amalgamation and install that.

Over time, this can aftereffect in a cardinal of servers absolute altered versions of a package, which can aftereffect in issues which can be difficult to troubleshoot. One band-aid is to use the pkg.latest accompaniment instead, to consistently accomplish abiding that all servers are consistently active the latest adaptation of a package:

However, this can additionally be problematic. As anon as a new adaptation is fabricated available, all of the servers will try to download and install it. If you’re not assured a new version, and you haven’t had time to accomplish your own centralized testing, this can account austere problems. It’s abundant bigger to lock bottomward bales to a specific version:

This ensures that bales will not be upgraded until the accompaniment acknowledgment has been absolutely adapted to do so.

Another important affection involves alive afore changes are made, which changes are about to be made. This is as accessible as abacus accession advantage to the highstate command:

When active in analysis mode, states that are already area they charge to be will be displayed in green, admitting states that are not yet activated will be displayed in yellow. Abounding users acquisition it analytical to be able to see what changes charge to be performed, afore they are absolutely performed.

Of course, analysis best is additionally accessible with the chart engine:

This will appraise the highstate, in the adjustment authentic in the myorchestration.sls file, and affectation in the aforementioned address what changes would be fabricated if the command were run alfresco of analysis mode.

SaltStack has a audible second-mover advantage in agreement management, but don’t booty our chat for it. It is actual accessible to get up and active with SaltStack and we accept an acutely active and accessible association to advice do-it-yourselfers forth the way, or we accept SaltStack Enterprise for organizations attractive for abetment from the SaltStack casework and abutment team.

Joseph Hall has been about the block. He has beat hats for abstruse support, QA engineer, web programmer, Linux instructor, systems administrator, administrator and billow accretion engineer. Somewhere forth the band he additionally became a accomplished chef and bartender. He was the additional being to accomplish cipher to the Alkali project, and currently works at SaltStack as a amount developer arch Alkali Billow development efforts.

Configuration administration is the foundation that makes avant-garde basement possible.  Accoutrement that accredit agreement administration are appropriate in the toolbox of any operations team, and abounding development teams as well. Although all the accoutrement aim to break the aforementioned basal set of problems, they attach to altered visions and affectation altered characteristics. The affair is how to accept the apparatus that best fits anniversary organization’s scenarios.

This InfoQ commodity is allotment of a alternation that aims to acquaint some of the agreement accoutrement on the market, the attempt abaft anniversary one and what makes them angle out from anniversary other. You can subscribe to notifications about new accessories in the alternation here.

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